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@#Introduction: Limited studies have examined the dietary intake pattern of Malaysian endurance athletes. Differences in the types of foods consumed between Malaysian and Western population leads to varying nutritional intake values. This study aimed to characterise the dietary intake of Malaysian endurance athletes as compared to sports nutrition recommendations, and to determine the associations between participants’ backgrounds and macronutrients intake status. Methods: A total of 85 endurance-trained Malaysian athletes participated in a cross-sectional study. Dietary intake for three days throughout the training season was evaluated using 24-hour dietary recall. The macronutrients and micronutrients intakes were compared to the nutritional recommendation for athletes and the Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNI), respectively. The food serving size was compared to the Malaysian Food Pyramid 2020. Results: Of all participants, 51% met the minimum recommendations for carbohydrate (CHO) intake (6g/ kg/day). For protein intake, 88% of participants had surpassed the lower limit of 1.2g/kg/day. The lower limit of fat intake (20% of total daily energy intake) was met by 99% of the participants. Most of the participants had a suboptimal intake of calcium, vitamin A, and vitamin E, while all had inadequate vitamin D intake. The athletes’ institution was significantly associated with the CHO intake status. Also, the athletes’ institution and the highest education level were significantly associated with the protein intake status. Conclusion: Athletes who practised Asian-based diets were able to achieve the energy, protein, and fat intake recommendations. However, there was a suboptimal intake of the CHO and micronutrients as compared to the recommendations.
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Endurance athletes require a very efficient oxygen transport system for maximal aerobic power during physical work performance. Many studies carried on endurance athletes suggested low levels of red blood cell markers leading to misconception of existence of so called sports anaemia in athletes. Sometimes athletes are on needless iron supplementation and are concern about anaemia. The main objectives of the study were to investigate the red cell population markers and to study the sports anaemia phenomenon in endurance athletes and the underlying responses responsible for ot. 60 male endurance track and field runners age group 18-21 were selected from the local city based club named Vasant Desai Krida Sangh Akola and were compared with the age, height sex matched non athletes students of Govt. Medical College Akola. The seven red blood cell markers were studied from the blood samples taken from the cubital vein under standard conditions. The blood variables for both the groups were analyzed with an automatic cell counter. The mean values of Hb(12.27 gm% +/- 0.782), RBC count in(3.64millions per cu mm+/-0.52), hematocrit ( 41.58 % +/- 1.32), mean corpuscular Hb conc (MCHC 29.49% +/- 1.198) were all very significantly lower ( p<0.0001) as compare to controls. Whereas the plasma volume (58.412% +/- 1.32), Mean Corpuscular volume (MCV 115.06 cu microns+/- 11.54)), Mean Hb conc (MCH 33.998 picogms+/- 2.608), were significantly increased in endurance athletes. Though decrease in Hb conc, Low RBC count and less hematocrit in endurance athletes indicate presence of anaemia in them but it’s not a true anaemia as it is also confirmed by MCV, MCH, MCHC values between the two groups. The significant differences between the groups are due to the response to endurance training leading to hemo dilutional anaemia caused by plasma volume expansion which increases the blood volume in endurance athletes helping them for better oxygen supply and aerobic power needed during physical work.
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The purpose of this study is to analyze acute effect of running extended interval training(EIT) on vertical jump (VJ) and handgrip strength (HS) performance in experienced endurance athletes. In order to analyze mechanical parameters of the VJ and HS between runs, sixteen experienced male athletes performed an EIT (4x3x400m). The results show that fatigue induced by EIT does not impair handgrip strength or VJ performance. A significant improvement (p< .05) was noted for VJ due to the postactivation potentiation (PAP) phenomenon. A positive correlation (r= .619, p= .011) was found between VJ and lactate. The results suggest that experienced long-distance runners can maintain their strength levels and, consequently, work capacity, despite the induced fatigue by the field training demand. Therefore, VJ performance during EIT can be used as an indicator of muscular adaptations to training and, together, with handgrip strength, become indicators of fatigue. These indicators allow proper prescription training routines...
"Fadiga concorrente e potenciação pós-ativação durante o treinamento intervalado extensivo em corredores de fundo." O objetivo do estudo é analisar a relação entre a fadiga e a potenciação pós-ativação (PPA) nos corredores de fundo durante uma sessão de treinamento típico, extensivo treinamento intervalado (ETI). Dezesseis atletas experientes executaram o ETI (4x3x400m) e se avaliou o desempenho entre as repetições e os parâmetros mecânicos associados ao salto vertical (SV) e à força de preensão manual. Os resultados mostram que o ETI não deteriora o desempenho dos atletas neste nesta prova e que inclusive há um aumento no SV (p< 0,05), devido ao fenômeno do PPA. Verificou-se uma correlação entre SV-lactado (r= 0,619, p= 0,011). Os dados obtidos sugerem que os atletas de resistência podem manter os níveis de força e a capacidade de trabalho apesar de fadiga induzida por ETI. O desempenho no SV para um ETI pode ser indicador de adaptações musculares do treino que, junto com a força de preensão manual, podem ser utilizadas como ferramentas para prescrição de treinamento...
"Fatiga concurrente y potenciación postactivación durante el entrenamiento interválico extendido en corredores de resistencia." El objetivo del estudio el efecto de un entrenamiento interválico extensivo (EIE) en el rendimiento en salto vertical (SV) y dinamometría manual en corredores de resistencia. Dieciséis atletas experimentados ejecutaron el EIE (4x3x400m), y se evaluó entre repeticiones el rendimiento en SV y parametros mecánicos asociados, y en fuerza de prensión manual. Los resultados muestran que EIE no deteriora el rendimiento en dichos test, e incluso aumenta significativamente en SV (p< 0,05) debido al fenómeno de potenciación postactivación (PPA). Se halló correlación entre SV y lactato (r= 0,619; p= 0,011). Los datos obtenidos sugieren que atletas de resistencia pueden mantener niveles de fuerza y capacidad de trabajo a pesar de la fatiga inducida por este entrenamiento en pista. El rendimiento en SV durante un EIE puede usarse como indicador de adaptaciones musculares al entrenamiento y, junto a fuerza de prensión manual, podrían utilizarse como herramientas para la prescripción del entrenamiento...
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Running/physiology , Muscle FatigueABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of organic grape juice intake on biochemical variables and microcirculatory parameters in triathlon athletes. INTRODUCTION: The physiological stress that is imposed by a strenuous sport, such as a triathlon, together with an insufficient amount of antioxidants in the diet may cause oxidative imbalance and endothelial dysfunction. METHODS: Ten adult male triathletes participated in this study. A venous blood sample was drawn before (baseline) and after 20 days of organic grape juice intake (300 ml/day). Serum insulin, plasma glucose and uric acid levels, the total content of polyphenols, and the erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity were determined. The functional microcirculatory parameters (the functional capillary density, red blood cell velocity at baseline and peak levels, and time required to reach the peak red blood cell velocity during postocclusive reactive hyperemia after a one-min arterial occlusion) were evaluated using nailfold videocapillaroscopy. RESULTS: Compared with baseline levels, the peak levels of serum insulin ( p = 0.02), plasma uric acid ( p = 0.04), the functional capillary density ( p = 0.003), and the red blood cell velocity (p < 0.001) increased, whereas the plasma glucose level (p,0.001), erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity ( p = 0.04), and time required to reach red blood cell velocity during postocclusive reactive hyperemia ( p = 0.04) decreased after organic grape juice intake. CONCLUSION: Our data showed that organic grape juice intake improved glucose homeostasis, antioxidant capacity, and microvascular function, which may be due to its high concentration of polyphenols. These results indicate that organic grape juice has a positive effect in endurance athletes.
Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Male , Athletes , Beverages , Food, Organic , Hyperemia/metabolism , Skin/blood supply , Stress, Physiological/physiology , Vitis/chemistry , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Erythrocytes/enzymology , Homeostasis/physiology , Insulin/blood , Microcirculation/physiology , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Polyphenols/metabolism , Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism , Uric Acid/bloodABSTRACT
Exercise increases oxygen consumption and causes a disturbance of intracellular pro-oxidant-antioxidant homeostasis. Athletes are exposed to acute and chronic stress that may lead to increased generation of oxidative species. Hence oxidative stress increases in athletes. Administration of antioxidant like alpha-tocopherol as supplementation may reduce the cell damage caused due to oxidative stress. In the present study, our aim was to study the effects of alpha-tocopherol supplementation on the cardiopulmonarv fitness in endurance athletes (cyclists) and non-athletes. Our study included 40 cyclists who were trained under District Youth Service & Sports Office. 40 controls were randomly selected from student group of B.L.D.E.A’s Medical College. Aloha-tocooherol (Vitamin E) 200 mg/ day for 21 days was given to study group and placebo was given to placebo group. Various physiological parameters like heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate were recorded, for assessing cardiopulmonarv fitness: Physical Fitness Index (PFI) and VO2 max ml/min/kg were recorded before and after supplementation of vitamin E in athletes, and were compared with placebo group before and after supplementation of placebo and also with non-athletes. The results obtained from present study indicate that antioxidant like alpha-tocopherol supplementation did not contribute significantly to improve the cardiopulmonarv fitness of endurance athletes.
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In a recent study, endurance athletes, i.e. cyclists and long-distance runners, were found to have larger arterial conductance vessels than untrained controls. The aim of the present study was to determine the blood flow profiles of dilated vessels in these endurance-trained athletes. Twelve endurance-trained athletes (ET group) and twelve untrained control subjects (UC group) volunteered for the study. The cross-sectional area (CSA), peak and mean blood velocity in the ascending aorta (pV and mV), blood pressure (BP), and heart rate (HR) were measured in the semi-supine position on a cycle ergometer fitted with a backrest, at rest and during exercise at 40%, 60%, and 80%Vo<SUB>2</SUB>max. Furthermore, stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), total peripheral resistance, and double product were calculated. The SV and CO of the ET group were significantly larger than those of the UC group during exercise. The CSA of the ascending aorta in the ET group was significantly larger than that in the UC group at rest and during exercise. There were no differences in the mV and mean BP between the two groups. Upon comparison at the same SV, pV, mV, the total peripheral resistance, and double product of the ET group were lower than those of the UC group. These results suggest that the dilation of the arterial conductance vessels with endurance training contri-butes to an increase in blood flow to the exercising muscles without a rise in mechanical stress (shear stress and pressure) to the aortic wall. In other words, the arterial conductance vessels adapt morphologically to maintain an adequate degree of the mechanical stress on the aortic wall.
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Apexcardiogram (ACG) was applied clinically to evaluation of hemodynamics and cardiac functicn. especially diastolic function. So far no information in this field is available. 193 athletes engaged in different types of training --- including 118 males with an average age of 22.4 and training period of 4.5 years and 75 females with an average age of 21.4 years and training period of 5.2 years --- were examined with ACG in left lateral decubitus position. A/H ratio, rapid filling wave (RFW), slow filling wave (SFW) and SFW/RFW ratio were calculated.1. The sex difference was significant in RFW (P